This is not possible without scripting.
Bear in mind there may be more than one possible document date detected.
Here is a teaching edition snippet regarding date detection. The results can be used for stringing the parts together or used independently, e.g., used as Tags, etc.
tell application id "DNtp"
repeat with thisRecord in (selection as list)
set possibleDates to all document dates of thisRecord
-- Choose the oldest or newest date
if (count possibleDates) > 1 then
set docDate to oldest document date of thisRecord
-- set docDate to newest document date of thisRecord
else -- Or accept the only possible date
set docDate to item 1 of possibleDates
end if
-- Process date
set dateYear to year of docDate
set dateMonth to month of docDate as integer
if dateMonth < 10 then set dateMonth to ("0" & dateMonth)
set dateDay to day of docDate
if dateDay < 10 then set dateDay to ("0" & dateDay)
-- Create a new date string
set dateString to (dateYear & dateMonth & dateDay) as string
end repeat
end tell
This could be added in an Execute Script action in a smart rule, however, you’d need to make sure your smart rule is targeting the appropriate files to process (which you should be doing with any smart rule).